IMRaD Method Section
Method Sections in Scientific Research Reports (IMRaD)
The purpose of the method section in an IMRaD* report is to provide a step-by-step description of how you conducted your empirical research to make it transparent and replicable. The idea is to provide enough relevant information so that other scholars could understand your research process, compare your findings to similar studies, and replicate your research if necessary. In method sections, writers typically introduce the nature of their data as well as explain how the data were collected and analyzed, justifying their choices.
In terms of linguistic features, method sections commonly contain verbs in the past tense because data collection and analysis are typically completed by the time researchers start working on their manuscript. Also, passive voice is often appropriate in method sections to show the emphasis on the procedure itself rather than on the researcher who conducted it.
* IMRaD refers to reports with the structure Introduction-Method-Results-Discussion used in empirical research in natural and social sciences. Please refer to the Writing Center quick guide “Writing an IMRaD Report” for more explanations.
Common Moves in Method Sections
Below are some moves that commonly appear in method sections as identified by Cotos, Huffman, and Link (2017), who examined IMRaD reports across 30 disciplines. The moves below are intended to show possible information that can be included in method sections, but not all of these moves appear in every paper and in the same order. Also, moves and sub-moves are not structured in a sequential order; for example, writers can switch from move 1 to move 2 in a cyclical manner.
Depending on the discipline, sub-discipline, and nature of a study, these moves may vary greatly. For example, qualitative studies that rely on data from interviews have longer sections describing participants and coding schemes, while papers in Chemistry may focus on describing equipment used in the experiment.
Move | Includes One or More Sub-Moves |
Move 1: Contextualizing Study Methods
Provides background information about the study |
|
Move 2: Describing the Study
Describes in detail what was done and how it was done. This move typically comprises 55-85% of the method section. Two sub-moves in bold are often the main focus of method sections. |
|
Move 3: Analyzing Data
Explicitly shows data analysis steps to persuade the readers that the results can be trusted. |
|
Based on Cotos, E., Huffman, S. and Link, S. (2017) A move/step model for methods sections: Demonstrating rigour and credibility. English for Specific Purposes, 46, 90–106.
1Some sample language is taken directly from the University of Manchester’s Academic Phrasebank: http://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/introducing-work/.
Activity to help you prepare for writing an IMRaD method section
Choose a journal in your discipline and read the method section of a few IMRaD reports. Analyze these method sections addressing the following questions:
- Which moves and sub-moves are present in the method sections of these reports?
- What language or contextual clues helped you identify these moves?
- How detailed are these method sections?
- How often are citations used? When or for which purposes do authors use each citation?
- How often is passive voice used? Which tense(s) do the authors predominantly rely on? How can you explain this use?
Last updated 5/13/2019
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